- 熔断
- 开始之前
- 断路器
- 设置客户端
- 触发熔断机制
- 清理
熔断
本任务展示了用连接、请求以及外部检测来进行熔断配置的过程。
断路器是创建弹性微服务应用程序的重要模式。断路器允许您编写限制故障、延迟峰值以及其他不良网络特性影响的应用程序。
在此任务中,您将配置断路器规则,然后通过故意“跳闸”断路器来测试配置。
开始之前
跟随安装指南 设置 Istio。
启动 httpbin 示例应用,这个应用将会作为本任务的后端服务。
如果启用了 Sidecar 的自动注入,只需运行:
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$ kubectl apply -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@
否则就需要在部署 httpbin 应用之前手工注入 Sidecar 了:
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$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@)
httpbin 应用程序用作为此任务的后端服务。
断路器
- 创建一个 目标规则,针对
httpbin服务设置断路器:
如果您的 Istio 启用了双向 TLS 身份验证,则必须在应用之前将 TLS 流量策略 mode:ISTIO_MUTUAL 添加到 DestinationRule。否则请求将产生 503 错误,如设置目标规则后出现 503 错误所述。
$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOFapiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3kind: DestinationRulemetadata:name: httpbinspec:host: httpbintrafficPolicy:connectionPool:tcp:maxConnections: 1http:http1MaxPendingRequests: 1maxRequestsPerConnection: 1outlierDetection:consecutiveErrors: 1interval: 1sbaseEjectionTime: 3mmaxEjectionPercent: 100EOF
- 检查我们的目标规则,确定已经正确建立:
$ kubectl get destinationrule httpbin -o yamlapiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3kind: DestinationRulemetadata:name: httpbin...spec:host: httpbintrafficPolicy:connectionPool:http:http1MaxPendingRequests: 1maxRequestsPerConnection: 1tcp:maxConnections: 1outlierDetection:baseEjectionTime: 180.000sconsecutiveErrors: 1interval: 1.000smaxEjectionPercent: 100
设置客户端
现在我们已经设置了调用 httpbin 服务的规则,接下来创建一个客户端,用来向后端服务发送请求,观察是否会触发熔断策略。这里要使用一个简单的负载测试客户端,名字叫 fortio。这个客户端可以控制连接数量、并发数以及发送 HTTP 请求的延迟。使用这一客户端,能够有效的触发前面在目标规则中设置的熔断策略。
- 这里我们会把给客户端也进行 Sidecar 的注入,以此保证 Istio 对网络交互的控制:
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$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/sample-client/fortio-deploy.yaml@)
- 接下来就可以登入客户端 Pod 并使用 Fortio 工具来调用
httpbin。-curl参数表明只调用一次:
$ FORTIO_POD=$(kubectl get pod | grep fortio | awk '{ print $1 }')$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c fortio /usr/bin/fortio -- load -curl http://httpbin:8000/getHTTP/1.1 200 OKserver: envoydate: Tue, 16 Jan 2018 23:47:00 GMTcontent-type: application/jsonaccess-control-allow-origin: *access-control-allow-credentials: truecontent-length: 445x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 36{"args": {},"headers": {"Content-Length": "0","Host": "httpbin:8000","User-Agent": "istio/fortio-0.6.2","X-B3-Sampled": "1","X-B3-Spanid": "824fbd828d809bf4","X-B3-Traceid": "824fbd828d809bf4","X-Ot-Span-Context": "824fbd828d809bf4;824fbd828d809bf4;0000000000000000","X-Request-Id": "1ad2de20-806e-9622-949a-bd1d9735a3f4"},"origin": "127.0.0.1","url": "http://httpbin:8000/get"}
不难看出,调用已经成功。接下来做些变化。
触发熔断机制
在上面的熔断设置中指定了 maxConnections: 1 以及 http1MaxPendingRequests: 1。这意味着如果超过了一个连接同时发起请求,Istio 就会熔断,阻止后续的请求或连接。
- 接下来尝试一下两个并发连接(
-c 2),发送 20 请求(-n 20):
$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c fortio /usr/bin/fortio -- load -c 2 -qps 0 -n 20 -loglevel Warning http://httpbin:8000/getFortio 0.6.2 running at 0 queries per second, 2->2 procs, for 5s: http://httpbin:8000/getStarting at max qps with 2 thread(s) [gomax 2] for exactly 20 calls (10 per thread + 0)23:51:10 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)Ended after 106.474079ms : 20 calls. qps=187.84Aggregated Function Time : count 20 avg 0.010215375 +/- 0.003604 min 0.005172024 max 0.019434859 sum 0.204307492# range, mid point, percentile, count>= 0.00517202 <= 0.006 , 0.00558601 , 5.00, 1> 0.006 <= 0.007 , 0.0065 , 20.00, 3> 0.007 <= 0.008 , 0.0075 , 30.00, 2> 0.008 <= 0.009 , 0.0085 , 40.00, 2> 0.009 <= 0.01 , 0.0095 , 60.00, 4> 0.01 <= 0.011 , 0.0105 , 70.00, 2> 0.011 <= 0.012 , 0.0115 , 75.00, 1> 0.012 <= 0.014 , 0.013 , 90.00, 3> 0.016 <= 0.018 , 0.017 , 95.00, 1> 0.018 <= 0.0194349 , 0.0187174 , 100.00, 1# target 50% 0.0095# target 75% 0.012# target 99% 0.0191479# target 99.9% 0.0194062Code 200 : 19 (95.0 %)Code 503 : 1 (5.0 %)Response Header Sizes : count 20 avg 218.85 +/- 50.21 min 0 max 231 sum 4377Response Body/Total Sizes : count 20 avg 652.45 +/- 99.9 min 217 max 676 sum 13049All done 20 calls (plus 0 warmup) 10.215 ms avg, 187.8 qps
这里可以看到,几乎所有请求都通过了。Istio-proxy 允许存在一些误差。
Code 200 : 19 (95.0 %)Code 503 : 1 (5.0 %)
- 接下来把并发连接数量提高到 3:
$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c fortio /usr/bin/fortio -- load -c 3 -qps 0 -n 30 -loglevel Warning http://httpbin:8000/getFortio 0.6.2 running at 0 queries per second, 2->2 procs, for 5s: http://httpbin:8000/getStarting at max qps with 3 thread(s) [gomax 2] for exactly 30 calls (10 per thread + 0)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)Ended after 71.05365ms : 30 calls. qps=422.22Aggregated Function Time : count 30 avg 0.0053360199 +/- 0.004219 min 0.000487853 max 0.018906468 sum 0.160080597# range, mid point, percentile, count>= 0.000487853 <= 0.001 , 0.000743926 , 10.00, 3> 0.001 <= 0.002 , 0.0015 , 30.00, 6> 0.002 <= 0.003 , 0.0025 , 33.33, 1> 0.003 <= 0.004 , 0.0035 , 40.00, 2> 0.004 <= 0.005 , 0.0045 , 46.67, 2> 0.005 <= 0.006 , 0.0055 , 60.00, 4> 0.006 <= 0.007 , 0.0065 , 73.33, 4> 0.007 <= 0.008 , 0.0075 , 80.00, 2> 0.008 <= 0.009 , 0.0085 , 86.67, 2> 0.009 <= 0.01 , 0.0095 , 93.33, 2> 0.014 <= 0.016 , 0.015 , 96.67, 1> 0.018 <= 0.0189065 , 0.0184532 , 100.00, 1# target 50% 0.00525# target 75% 0.00725# target 99% 0.0186345# target 99.9% 0.0188793Code 200 : 19 (63.3 %)Code 503 : 11 (36.7 %)Response Header Sizes : count 30 avg 145.73333 +/- 110.9 min 0 max 231 sum 4372Response Body/Total Sizes : count 30 avg 507.13333 +/- 220.8 min 217 max 676 sum 15214All done 30 calls (plus 0 warmup) 5.336 ms avg, 422.2 qps
这时候会观察到,熔断行为按照之前的设计生效了,只有 63.3% 的请求获得通过,剩余请求被断路器拦截了:
Code 200 : 19 (63.3 %)Code 503 : 11 (36.7 %)
- 我们可以查询
istio-proxy的状态,获取更多相关信息:
$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c istio-proxy -- sh -c 'curl localhost:15000/stats' | grep httpbin | grep pendingcluster.outbound|80||httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local.upstream_rq_pending_active: 0cluster.outbound|80||httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local.upstream_rq_pending_failure_eject: 0cluster.outbound|80||httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local.upstream_rq_pending_overflow: 12cluster.outbound|80||httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local.upstream_rq_pending_total: 39
upstream_rq_pending_overflow 的值是 12,说明有 12 次调用被标志为熔断。
清理
- 清理规则:
$ kubectl delete destinationrule httpbin
- 关闭 httpbin 服务和客户端:
$ kubectl delete deploy httpbin fortio-deploy$ kubectl delete svc httpbin
